Everything You Need to Know About

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus)

Botanical family: Araliaceae
Parts used: Roots Stems
Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
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Overview and Health Benefits

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) is renowned in herbal medicine for its adaptogenic properties, which help the body to resist and recover from physical, emotional, and environmental stress. Traditionally used in Russia and China, this herb has garnered attention for its ability to enhance endurance, bolster immunity, and improve overall vitality, particularly in conditions of fatigue, debility, and stress-related disorders (Panossian & Wikman, 2009; Winston & Maimes, 2019). Unlike true ginseng, Siberian ginseng is not a stimulant but works by modulating the body's stress response, making it a valuable ally for those recovering from illness, experiencing chronic stress, or seeking to improve physical and mental performance. Modern research supports its wide range of benefits, especially in enhancing physical endurance, cognitive function, and immune response (Cicero et al., 2004; Bohn, Nebe & Birr, 1987).

Key Benefits:

  • Adaptogenic Properties
  • Enhanced Physical Performance
  • Immune System Support
  • Cognitive Enhancement
  • Support for Recovery and Convalescence

Siberian ginseng is widely recognised for its adaptogenic qualities, helping the body adapt to and resist the adverse effects of stress, whether physical, mental, or environmental. It works by supporting adrenal function, thereby regulating stress hormone levels and preventing the chronic overactivation that leads to fatigue and burnout (Panossian & Wikman, 2009). This adaptogenic effect has been demonstrated in studies where it improved both physical and mental resilience, reducing the detrimental impacts of stress on the body (Winston, 2012; Panossian & Wikman, 2009).

Siberian ginseng has been shown to significantly enhance physical performance, particularly in activities requiring endurance. It has been used by athletes to improve stamina and speed up recovery times. Research has confirmed that Siberian ginseng can increase endurance capacity by influencing energy metabolism, making it a powerful supplement for athletes or those engaging in prolonged physical activity (Asano et al., 1986; Huang et al., 2011). Additionally, studies have indicated improvements in both submaximal and maximal exercise performance following supplementation (Asano et al., 1986). The herb has also been shown to reduce levels of fatigue and improve oxygen utilisation during exercise (Panossian & Wikman, 2010).

Siberian ginseng acts as an immunomodulator, meaning it helps to balance and strengthen the immune system. This effect has been observed in clinical studies where the herb increased the activity and number of immune cells, including T-cells and natural killer cells, which are vital for fighting infections and diseases (Bohn et al., 1987). This makes Siberian ginseng particularly useful for those with weakened immune systems or those looking to enhance their immune response during cold and flu season (Amaryan et al., 2003).

Recent studies have highlighted the potential of Siberian ginseng to improve cognitive function, particularly under stress. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study found that a combined treatment with water extracts of Eleutherococcus senticosus leaf and Drynaria fortunei rhizome significantly enhanced cognitive function and reduced anxiety in healthy adults without any adverse effects (Tohda et al., 2020). Other studies suggest that Siberian ginseng can significantly enhance memory function, with key active compounds penetrating the brain and promoting dendritic growth in cortical neurons (Yamauchi et al., 2019). Siberian ginseng has also been found to have neuroprotective properties, preventing oxidative damage and inflammation in the brain, modulating neurotransmitters, improving neuronal growth and preventing apoptosis (Li et al., 2022; Lee et al., 2012). This cognitive benefit is closely tied to its adaptogenic properties, which help maintain mental clarity and focus under challenging conditions (Winston & Maimes, 2019).

Historically used in convalescence, Siberian ginseng has been shown to improve the quality of life in elderly patients by enhancing both physical and mental well-being (Cicero et al., 2004). This herb's ability to improve stamina, reduce fatigue, and bolster the immune system makes it ideal for individuals recovering from illness or those experiencing chronic weakness and exhaustion (Winston & Maimes, 2019). Its broad-spectrum support helps restore vitality and promotes quicker recovery times (Huang  et al., 2011). Moreover, studies suggest that Siberian ginseng can support recovery by improving cardiovascular health and enhancing physical endurance in elderly patients (Cicero et al., 2004). 

Safety

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) is generally well-tolerated; however, it is not without potential cautions and contraindications. One notable concern is its ability to cause overstimulation, particularly in sensitive individuals, which may manifest as anxiety, insomnia, or irritability (Winston & Maimes, 2019). There is also a theoretical risk of interaction with medications that affect the central nervous system, as Siberian ginseng has mild stimulant properties, which could exacerbate the effects of such drugs (Panossian & Wikman, 2010). Moreover, due to its immunomodulatory effects, it should be used cautiously in individuals with autoimmune conditions or those on immunosuppressive therapy (Amaryan et al., 2003). Additionally, there may be a risk of adulteration in some Siberian ginseng products, where products might be made from other Eleutherococcus species or even Periploca sepium, a toxic lookalike that can have dangerous effects, particularly when interacting with cardiac medications (Winston & Maimes, 2019). To avoid these risks, it is essential to ensure that any Siberian ginseng product is botanically authenticated and purchased from a reputable source – buying from a qualified herbalist or herbal medicine specialist company is a way to ensure this. 

As with any herbal remedy, it is best to consult with a qualified medical herbalist before using Siberian ginseng, especially if you have a pre-existing medical condition or are taking any prescription medications.

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Key Body Systems Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) relates to

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
Nervous system
Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
Immune System
Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
Cardiovascular and Circulatory

Energetics

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
Warming
Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
Drying

Key actions

  • Adaptogen
  • Immunomodulatory
  • Nervine
  • Hepatoprotective
  • Neuroprotective
Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus)

Key uses

  • Stress
  • Chronic fatigue
  • Irritability
  • Insomnia
  • Increase mental alertness and physical endurance

Where to Find Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus)

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus)

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) is a hardy deciduous shrub that belongs to the Araliaceae family, the same family that includes true ginsengs like Panax ginseng. Growing up to three metres in height, this resilient plant is characterised by its woody stems, which are often covered with fine prickles. Its palmately compound leaves, typically comprising five to seven leaflets, spread like fingers from a central point, creating an almost star-like appearance. These leaflets are a vibrant green, finely serrated along the edges, and taper to a point, giving the plant an elegant, yet robust presence in its natural habitat.

In late summer, Siberian ginseng produces small, inconspicuous flowers in umbrella-like clusters, with male and female flowers on separate plants—male flowers being purple and female flowers yellowish. By autumn, these flowers give way to clusters of dark, round berries. These berries are not typically used in herbal medicine.

Siberian ginseng can be found in the understory of mixed or coniferous forests across northeastern Asia, particularly in Russia, China, Korea, and Japan. It thrives in cool, temperate climates, favouring well-drained, slightly acidic soils with a rich organic composition. The plant is quite tolerant of various soil types but prefers the dappled light found beneath a canopy of taller trees. 

References

Amaryan, G., Astvatsatryan, V., Gabrielyan, E., Panossian, A., Panosyan, V., & Wikman, G. (2003). Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, pilot clinical trial of ImmunoGuard—a standardized fixed combination of Andrographis paniculata Nees, Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim, Schizandra chinensis Bail., and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. extracts in patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever. Phytomedicine, 10(4), 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1078/094471103322004767 

Asano, K., Takahashi, T., Miyashita, M., Matsuzaka, A., Muramatsu, S., Kuboyama, M., Kugo, H., & Imai, J. (1986). Effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus extract on human physical working capacity. Planta Medica, 52(3), 175–177. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969132 

Bohn, B., Nebe, C. T., & Birr, C. (1987). Flow-cytometric studies with Eleutherococcus senticosus extract as an immunomodulatory agent. Arzneimittelforschung, 37(10), 1193–1196. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1300598 

Cicero, A. F. G., Derosa, G., Brillante, R., Bernardi, R., Nascetti, S., & Gaddi, A. (2004). Effects of Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim.) on elderly quality of life: A randomized clinical trial. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. Supplement, (9), 69–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2004.04.012 

Huang, L., Zhao, H., Huang, B., Zheng, C., Peng, W., & Qin, L. (2011). Acanthopanax senticosus: Review of botany, chemistry, and pharmacology. Pharmazie, 66(2), 83–97. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21434569/ 

Lee, D., Park, J., Yoon, J., Kim, M.-Y., Choi, H.-Y., & Kim, H. (2012). Neuroprotective effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus bark on transient global cerebral ischemia in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 139(1), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.024 

Panossian, A., & Wikman, G. (2009). Evidence-based efficacy of adaptogens in fatigue, and molecular mechanisms related to their stress-protective activity. Current Clinical Pharmacology, 4(3), 198-219. https://doi.org/10.2174/157488409789375311 

Panossian, A., & Wikman, G. (2010). Effects of adaptogens on the central nervous system and the molecular mechanisms associated with their stress-protective activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 3(1), 188–224. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph3010188 

Tohda, C., Matsui, M., Inada, Y., Yang, X., Kuboyama, T., Kimbara, Y., & Watari, H. (2020). Combined treatment with two water extracts of Eleutherococcus senticosus leaf and rhizome of Drynaria fortunei enhances cognitive function: A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study in healthy adults. Nutrients, 12(2), 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020303

Winston, D., & Maimes, S. (2019). Adaptogens: Herbs for Strength, Stamina, and Stress Relief. Healing Arts Press.

Winston, D. (2012). Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng). Retrieved from David Winston's Herbalist & Alchemist website.