Sage (Salvia officinalis)

Sage is renowned for its cognitive-enhancing properties, particularly in improving memory and concentration. Clinical studies suggest that sage extracts can significantly enhance cognitive performance and mood, particularly in individuals with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. For example, a randomised, double-blind study has demonstrated that a sage extract significantly improved secondary memory and attention in healthy older adults, supporting the herb's potential cognitive-enhancing effects (Scholey et al., 2008). A systematic review has highlighted that sage has beneficial effects in enhancing cognitive performance in both healthy individuals and patients with cognitive impairment, including Alzheimer’s disease, while also being generally safe with no serious adverse effects reported (Miroddi et al., 2014). The herb’s ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, underlies its role in supporting cognitive function (Akhondzadeh et al., 2003). A 2006 study has shown that sage extract, with cholinesterase inhibiting properties, improved mood and cognitive performance, including reduced anxiety and enhanced alertness, in healthy participants (Kennedy et al., 2006).

Sage is a powerful carminative that eases indigestion, reduces bloating, and stimulates appetite. It is traditionally used to enhance digestion by promoting the secretion of digestive enzymes and bile, thus aiding in the digestion of fats (McIntyre, 2019). This makes it particularly beneficial for individuals experiencing sluggish digestion or dyspepsia (Mars, 2007). Sage has also been found to reduce cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL, while increasing the “good cholesterol” HDL levels in hyperlipidemic patients, without any adverse effects (Kianbakht et al., 2011). 

With its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, sage is an excellent remedy for respiratory conditions. It is commonly used in herbal teas or gargles to soothe sore throats, treat tonsillitis, and alleviate coughs by reducing phlegm and relieving mucous membrane inflammation (Grieve, 1971). A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial has shown that it is an effective and safe treatment for acute pharyngitis (Hubbert et al., 2006). 

Sage has a long history of use in managing menopausal symptoms, particularly hot flashes and night sweats (McIntyre, 2019). Its ability to regulate body temperature and reduce excessive sweating has been well-documented, providing relief for many women during this transitional phase (Romm, 2010). A 2011 clinical trial has shown that a fresh sage preparation significantly reduced the frequency and intensity of hot flushes in menopausal women over an 8-week period, with a 64% reduction in total hot flushes and substantial improvements in associated menopausal symptoms, while being well tolerated by the participants (Sommer, Klein & Suter, 2011). Sage’s ability to modulate body temperature extends beyond the case of menopause: a pilot study has found that Salvia officinalis was effective and safe in significantly reducing the frequency and severity of hot flashes in prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (Vandecasteele et al., 2012).

Sage is frequently used in mouthwashes and dental preparations due to its antibacterial properties. It helps to reduce oral bacteria, soothe inflamed gums, and prevent the onset of periodontal diseases. A clinical trial has demonstrated that sage extract significantly reduces the bacterial colony count in dental plaque, highlighting its effectiveness in promoting oral hygiene (Beheshti-Rouy et al., 2015).