Everything You Need to Know About

Plantain (Plantago spp.)

Botanical family: Plantaginaceae
Parts used: Leaves
Plantain (Plantago spp.)
by Hannah Lewis
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Plantain (Plantago spp.), particularly ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata) and greater plantain (Plantago major), is often dismissed as a common weed, yet it has long been revered for its potent medicinal properties. This unassuming plant is rich in bioactive compounds such as allantoin, mucilage, and iridoid glycosides, which underpin its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing capabilities (Samuelsen, 2000). Whether applied topically or taken internally, plantain is a versatile remedy for a range of conditions, from skin wounds to respiratory ailments and digestive disorders, solidifying its place as a cornerstone of herbal medicine across the globe.

Key Benefits:

  • Wound Healing and Skin Care
  • Anti-Inflammatory Effects
  • Respiratory Health
  • Digestive and Urinary Support
  • Antimicrobial and Antiviral Properties

Plantain is particularly celebrated for its wound-healing properties. The allantoin and tannins present in the herb promote the regeneration of skin cells, accelerate wound closure, and reduce inflammation (Kováč et al., 2015). Research has shown that plantain extracts can enhance the tensile strength of healing wounds, making it an effective natural remedy for cuts, scrapes, burns, and insect bites (Zubair et al., 2015). The fresh leaves are a prized first-aid remedy for stings (including nettle stings), cuts and insect bites (McIntyre, 2019). 

Plantain’s anti-inflammatory properties make it a valuable ally in treating a variety of inflammatory conditions (Beara et al., 2012). The iridoid glycosides, especially aucubin, found in plantain, are known to inhibit inflammatory responses, which can be beneficial in managing conditions such as eczema, rosacea, and even inflammatory bowel diseases and liver injury (Hussan et al., 2015). Its soothing effects on mucous membranes further contribute to its use in alleviating irritation in the respiratory and digestive systems.

Traditionally, plantain has been used to treat respiratory issues such as coughs, bronchitis, and laryngitis. As an antitussive and expectorant, plantain helps to loosen mucus and reduce coughing, providing relief from congestion and irritation in the airways (McIntyre, 2019). Its anti-inflammatory and demulcent actions also make it beneficial for soothing sore throats and reducing the symptoms of hay fever (Bruton-Seal, 2009). A clinical trial demonstrated the efficacy of Plantago major in treating chronic bronchitis, showing significant improvement in respiratory symptoms (Matev et al., 1982).

The mucilaginous properties of plantain seeds and leaves make it an excellent remedy for digestive issues. It can soothe and protect the gastrointestinal tract, making it useful for conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), ulcers, and constipation (McIntyre, 2019). Additionally, plantain’s ability to act as a bulk-forming laxative helps regulate bowel movements and can provide relief from digestive discomfort – this is particularly true of the seeds of the species Plantago ovata (McIntyre, 2019). Studies have also explored the diuretic effects of Plantago major, highlighting its potential in managing fluid retention (Doan et al., 1992). Combined with its soothing, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial actions, it can be helpful in treating urinary tract infections (McIntyre, 2019).  

Plantain possesses significant antimicrobial and antiviral activities, making it effective in treating infections. Studies have demonstrated its ability to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and viruses, including Streptococcus pneumoniae and E. coli, which can help in preventing and treating infections (Ferrazzano et al., 2015). Its use in oral health, particularly in preventing plaque, treating abscesses and gum infections, is well-supported by its antimicrobial action, as demonstrated in clinical studies on its efficacy in reducing gingival inflammation and plaque formation (Reddy, Sharma, & Raj, 2018).

Safety

While plantain (Plantago spp.) is widely regarded as safe for most individuals, certain precautions should be observed. Individuals with known allergies to pollen, especially those sensitive to psyllium, may experience allergic reactions, including respiratory symptoms or contact dermatitis when using plantain (Blumenthal et al., 2000). When taking psyllium seeds, it is critical to drink plenty of fluid to prevent bowel instruction, as well as eating them at least 2 hours away from any medication, as they may inhibit absorption (McIntyre, 2019). As with any herbal remedy, it is best to consult with a qualified medical herbalist before significantly using plantain, especially if you have a pre-existing medical condition or are taking prescription medications.

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Key Body Systems Plantain (Plantago spp.) relates to

Plantain (Plantago spp.)
Respiratory system
Plantain (Plantago spp.)
Skin

Energetics

Plantain (Plantago spp.)
Cooling
Plantain (Plantago spp.)
Moistening

Key actions

  • Expectorant
  • Demulcent
  • Astringent
  • Antimicrobial
  • Anti-inflammatory
Plantain (Plantago spp.)

Key uses

  • Coughs, bronchitis
  • Topically for skin irritations and wounds.

Where to Find Plantain (Plantago spp.)

Plantain (Plantago spp.)

Plantains, versatile and resilient members of the Plantaginaceae family, thrive in a variety of environments. The three main species— ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata), greater plantain (Plantago major), and psyllium (Plantago ovata)—are abundant and easily identifiable in the wild by their distinct characteristics.

  • Plantago lanceolata (Ribwort Plantain): This species features narrow, lance-shaped leaves with prominent parallel veins, forming a basal rosette. The slender, leafless flower spikes are topped with small, tightly clustered brown flowers with creamy white anthers. It thrives in sunny fields and meadows, especially in compacted soils where animals graze.
  • Plantago major (Greater Plantain): This plant has broader, oval leaves with smooth edges and five to seven prominent converging veins. The shorter, denser flower spikes bear small, inconspicuous flowers. P. major often grows in partial shade, found at the edges of forests and fields.
  • Plantago ovata (Psyllium): Known for its dietary fibre use, this species has narrow, hairy leaves and produces blond seed husks. Smaller and less robust than its relatives, P. ovata typically grows in disturbed sites and along roadsides.

These species, native to Eurasia, have spread worldwide, flourishing in temperate regions. They prefer open, disturbed areas with heavy soils and tolerate a wide range of weather conditions.

When foraging plantain, avoid contaminated or pesticide-treated areas. Always verify the plant’s identity and check local bylaws to ensure foraging is permitted.

References

Beara, I. N., Lesjak, M. M., Orčić, D. Z., Simin, N. Đ., Četojević-Simin, D. D., Božin, B. N., & Mimica-Dukić, N. M. (2012). Comparative analysis of phenolic profile, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of two closely-related Plantain species: Plantago altissima L. and Plantago lanceolata L. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 47(1), 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2012.01.001

Blumenthal, M., & Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (Germany). (2000). Herbal medicine: Expanded Commission E monographs. Integrative Medicine Communications.

Bruton-Seal, J. (2009). Backyard medicine: Harvest and make your own herbal remedies. Skyhorse Publishing.

Doan, D.D., Nguyen, N.H., Doan, H.K., Nguyen, T.L., Phan, T.S., van Dau, N., Grabe, M., Johansson, R., Lindgren, G., & Stjernstrom, N.E. (1992). Studies on the individual and combined diuretic effects of four Vietnamese traditional herbal remedies (Zea mays, Imperata cylindrica, Plantago major and Orthosiphon stamineus). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 36(3), 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(92)90048-v

Ferrazzano, G.F., Cantile, T., Roberto, L., Ingenito, A., Catania, M.R., Roscetto, E., & Pollio, A. (2015). Determination of the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity on salivary streptococci and lactobacilli and chemical characterisation of the phenolic content of a Plantago lanceolata infusion. BioMed Research International, 2015. http://doi.org/10.1155/2015/286817

Hussan, F., Mansor, A. S., Hassan, S. N., Tengku Nor Effendy Kamaruddin, T.N.T., Budin, S. B., & Othman, F. (2015). Anti-Inflammatory property of Plantago major leaf extract reduces the inflammatory reaction in experimental acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/347861

Kováč, I., Ďurkáč, J., Hollý, M., Jakubčová, K., Peržeľová, V., Mučaji, P., Gál, P. (2015). Plantago lanceolata L. water extract induces transition of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and increases tensile strength of healing skin wounds. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 67(1), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12316

Matev, M., Angelova, I., Koĭchev, A., Leseva, M., & Stefanov, G. (1982). Clinical trial of a Plantago major preparation in the treatment of chronic bronchitis. Vutreshni Bolesti, 21(2), 133-137. https://europepmc.org/article/MED/7101883

McIntyre, A. (2019). The complete herbal tutor. Aeon. 

Reddy, E., Sharma, P., & Raj, P. (2018). A clinical study on effect of Plantago in gingivitis by assessing bleeding and plaque index. Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy, 12(3), 132-138. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijrh.ijrh_69_17

Samuelsen, A.B. (2000). The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L. A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71(1-2), 1-21. http://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00212-9

Zubair, M., Nybom, H., Lindholm, C., Brandner, J.M., & Rumpunen, K. (2015). Promotion of wound healing by Plantago major L. leaf extracts–ex-vivo experiments confirm experiences from traditional medicine. Natural Product Research, 30(5). http://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1034714