Everything You Need to Know About

German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)

Botanical family: Asteraceae
Parts used: Flowers
German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)
by Hannah Lewis
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Overview and Health Benefits

Often referred to in herbal medicine as the “mother of the gut”, chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) is known for its gentle yet profound medicinal qualities. This versatile herb, with its sweet, apple-like fragrance, has been employed for centuries to treat a variety of ailments, including a digestive issues and anxiety. Chamomile’s soothing properties make it a popular remedy for gastrointestinal discomfort, inflammation, and sleep disturbances. The delicate flowers are rich in flavonoids and essential oils, which contribute to their wide range of therapeutic benefits. Notably, chamomile’s anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic effects are well-documented.

Key Benefits

  • Digestive Support
  • Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Properties
  • Stress, Anxiety and Sleep Aid
  • Headaches and Pain Relief
  • Menstrual Health
  • Immune Support

Chamomile is highly valued for its ability to alleviate digestive disturbances, such as bloating, gas, spasm, heartburn and indigestion – particularly when they are related to stress (McIntyre, 2019). Its antispasmodic properties help to relax the smooth muscles of the digestive tract, which is particularly beneficial for those suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (Madisch et al., 2004). The herb is also known to enhance digestion and soothe the gastrointestinal tract, making it an excellent choice for addressing persistent indigestion (Madisch et al., 2001). Chamomile is rich in bisabolol, which protects the stomach against lesions and ulcers, and speeds the healing of any existing ulcers (Bezerra et al., 2010), so it is well indicated for gastritis and peptic ulcers (McIntyre, 2019). It also contains naturally antimicrobial essential oils, which help resolve digestive infections; and its bitter compounds stimulate the flow of bile and the secretion of digestive juices (McIntyre, 2019).

Chamomile’s potent anti-inflammatory effects make it an excellent remedy for treating skin conditions such as eczema, wounds, and other irritations. Its components chamazulene, alpha-bisabolol and apigenin have been thoroughly studied for their anti-inflammatory activity (McKay & Blumberg, 2006; Srivastava et al., 2009). Its effectiveness in reducing inflammation and promoting wound healing has been supported by clinical studies (Glowania et al., 1987). Chamomile’s application in eczema treatment highlights its role as a gentle yet powerful anti-inflammatory agent (Ross, 2003).

Chamomile is widely recognised for its calming effects, particularly in reducing anxiety and promoting restful sleep. Clinical trials have demonstrated its efficacy in alleviating symptoms of generalised anxiety disorder, with significant reductions in anxiety levels reported among participants (Amsterdam et al., 2009). Furthermore, chamomile has shown potential antidepressant activity, which may be especially beneficial for those experiencing both anxiety and depression (Amsterdam et al., 2012). Its soothing properties make chamomile an ideal herb for those struggling with stress-related conditions. It is an excellent relaxant for babies and children who are restless, prone to colic, and have sleeping problems (McIntyre, 2019). 

Chamomile helps relieve pain in headaches and migraines (McIntyre, 2019). In 2018, a crossover study demonstrated a beneficial effect of topical German chamomile oleogel as pain relief in migraine without aura (Zargaran et al., 2018). Flavones apigenin, luteolin and apigenin 7-O-beta-glucoside, contained in the essential oils of chamomile, are not only absorbed at the skin surface, but they also penetrate into deeper skin layers (Merfort et al, 1994). A 2024 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial has found chamomile to significantly contribute to preventing post-dural puncture headaches in women undergoing electric caesarean sections (Hosseinipour et al., 2024). Research suggests that the analgesic properties of chamomile extend beyond headaches and migraines, to various kinds of pain, whether acute or chronic (Shakeri et al., 2012). 

Chamomile is traditionally used to ease menstrual cramps, breast pain, premenstrual headaches and other symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (McIntyre, 2019). The herb’s antispasmodic action helps to relieve uterine contractions, providing comfort during menstruation. Studies have shown that chamomile can significantly reduce both the physical and emotional symptoms of PMS, making it a valuable ally for women’s health (Khalesi et al., 2019). Additionally, chamomile has been found to reduce menstrual bleeding, further supporting its role in menstrual health (Mollabashi et al., 2020). A randomised controlled trial in 2018 has shown that chamomile is a well-tolerated and effective treatment for mild to moderate cyclic mastalgia, or breast pain in the days leading up to a period (Saghafi et al., 2018). It can also help address menopausal symptoms (Kupfersztain et al., 2003). 

Chamomile’s immunomodulatory effects make it a valuable herb for enhancing the body’s natural defences. Regular consumption of chamomile tea has been linked to increased antibacterial activity, which helps protect the body from infections (Srivastava et al., 2010). This makes chamomile particularly useful during cold and flu season, providing a natural boost to the immune system. Its volatile oils have powerful antiseptic properties, active against bacteria, including Staph. aureus, and fungal infections, including Candida (McIntyre, 2019). It can also be used as a natural antihistamine for allergies (Kobayashi et al., 2025).

Safety

While chamomile is widely regarded for its gentle and soothing properties, and generally considered safe (EMA, 2015), certain cautions should be observed. Individuals with allergies to plants in the Asteraceae family, such as ragweed, marigolds, and daisies, may experience allergic reactions, including severe cases like anaphylaxis (Jensen-Jarolim et al., 1998; Hoffmann, 2003). Chamomile may also interfere with the absorption of iron, making it advisable for individuals with anaemia to avoid taking it simultaneously with meals or iron supplements (Mills & Bone, 2005). Moreover, the European Medicines Agency advises against the use of chamomile in baths for individuals with large skin injuries, acute skin conditions, or cardiovascular issues due to potential adverse effects (EMA, 2015). As with any herbal remedy, it is best to consult with a qualified medical herbalist before using large amounts of chamomile, especially if you have a pre-existing medical condition or are taking prescription medications.

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Size

Key Body Systems German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) relates to

German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)
Skin
German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)
Nervous system
German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)
Digestive System

Energetics

German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)
Cooling
German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)
Moistening

Key actions

  • Anti-inflammatory
  • Digestive
  • Carminative
  • Relaxant
  • Antispasmodic
German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)

Key uses

  • Soothe and relax the digestive and nervous systems
  • Gastrointestinal discomfort (bloating, indigestion, colic)
  • Calm anxiety
  • Promote restful sleep
  • Topical skin application for anti-inflamatory and vulnerary actions

Where to Find German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)

German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)

What it looks like and where to find it

Matricaria recutita, commonly known as chamomile (or German chamomile), is a delicate and aromatic plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family, a diverse group also known as the daisy family. This family is characterised by its composite flowers, which are often seen as clusters of tiny florets surrounded by petal-like rays. Chamomile’s most distinctive feature is its daisy-like flowers, with bright yellow, conical centres surrounded by white, slightly drooping petals. These flowers sit atop slender, green stems that can grow up to 60 cm in height. The leaves are finely divided and feathery, giving the plant a light, airy appearance.

German chamomile is often found in temperate regions across Europe, Asia, and North America. It thrives in well-drained soils and prefers sunny locations, though it can tolerate partial shade. This resilient herb often grows wild in fields, meadows, and along roadsides, particularly in areas that receive regular sunlight and have loose, sandy soils. It is an annual plant, meaning it completes its life cycle in one growing season, and is typically in bloom from late spring through summer.

For those interested in foraging, it’s important to identify chamomile correctly, as it can be confused with similar-looking plants like mayweed or scentless chamomile. The sweet, apple-like fragrance of Matricaria recutita is a key identifying feature that sets it apart from its less aromatic relatives. When foraging, ensure that you are gathering from areas free from pollution or pesticide use, such as roadsides or industrial sites, to avoid contamination. Always be certain of your identification before harvesting, as mistaken identity could lead to picking a plant that is either ineffective or potentially harmful. Always pick only what you need, leaving plenty behind to support biodiversity and allow others to enjoy the plant as well. Overharvesting can deplete local populations and harm the ecosystem. Additionally, before you begin foraging, it is important to check the bylaws of the area you are harvesting from. Some places have specific regulations or protections in place that may restrict or prohibit foraging. 

References

Amsterdam, J. D., Li, Y., Soeller, I., Rockwell, K., Mao, J. J., & Shults, J. (2009). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29(4), 378-382. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181ac935c

Amsterdam, J. D., Shults, J., Soeller, I., Mao, J. J., Rockwell, K., & Newberg, A. B. (2012). Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) may provide antidepressant activity in anxious, depressed humans: An exploratory study. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 18(5), 44-49. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22894890/ 

Becker, B., Kuhn, U., & Hardewig-Budny, B. (2006). Double-blind, randomized evaluation of clinical efficacy and tolerability of an apple pectin-chamomile extract in children with unspecific diarrhea. Arzneimittelforschung, 56(6), 387-393. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1296739

Bezerra, S. B., Leal, L. K. A. M., Nogueira, N. A. P., & Campos, A. R. (2010). Bisabolol-induced gastroprotection against acute gastric lesions: Role of prostaglandins, nitric oxide, and K+ATP channels. Journal of Medicinal Food, 12(6), https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2008.0290

European Medicines Agency. (2015). European Union herbal monograph on Matricaria recutita L., flos. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-matricaria-recutita-l-flos_en.pdf

Glowania, H. J., Raulin, C., & Swoboda, M. (1987). Effect of chamomile on wound healing–A clinical double-blind study. Zeitschrift für Hautkrankheiten, 62(17), 1262-1267. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3318194/ 

Gundermann, K. J., Godehardt, E., & Ulbrich, M. (2003). Efficacy of a herbal preparation in patients with functional dyspepsia: A meta-analysis of double-blind, randomized, clinical trials. Advances in Therapy, 20(1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02850118

Hoffmann, D. (2003). Medical herbalism: The science and practice of herbal medicine. Healing Arts Press.

Hosseinipour, A., Heydari, M., Mohebbinejad, A., Mosavat, S. H., Parkhah, M., & Hashempur, M. H. (2024). Prophylactic effect of chamomile on post-dural puncture headache in women undergoing elective cesarean section: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. EXPLORE, 20(3), 424-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2023.10.009

Mills, S., & Bone, K. (2005). The essential guide to herbal safety. Elsevier.

Jensen-Jarolim, E., Reider, N., Fritsch, R., & Breiteneder, H. (1998). Fatal outcome of anaphylaxis to chamomile-containing enema during labor: A case study. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 102(6 Pt 1), 1041–1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-6749(98)70345-8

Khalesi, Z. B., Beiranvand, S. P., & Bokaie, M. (2019). Efficacy of chamomile in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: A systematic review. Journal of Pharmacopuncture, 22(4), 204-209. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6970572/ 

Kobayashi, Y., Takahashi, R., & Ogino, F. (2005). Antipruritic effect of the single oral administration of German chamomile flower extract and its combined effect with antiallergic agents in ddY mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 101(1-3), 308-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.003

Kupfersztain, C., Rotem, C., Fagot, R., & Kaplan, B. (2003). The immediate effect of natural plant extract, Angelica sinensis and Matricaria chamomilla (Climex) for the treatment of hot flushes during menopause: A preliminary report. Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology, 30(4), 203-206. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14664413/

Langhorst, J., Varnhagen, S., Schneider, S. B., Albrecht, U., Rueffer, A., Stange, R., & Dobos, G. J. (2013). Randomised clinical trial: A herbal preparation of myrrh, chamomile and coffee charcoal compared with mesalazine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis–a double-blind, double-dummy study. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 38(5), 490-500. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12397 

Madisch, A., Holtmann, G., Plein, K., & Hotz, J. (2004). Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with herbal preparations: Results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-centre trial. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 19(3), 271-279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01859.x

Madisch, A., Melderis, H., Mayr, G., Sassin, I., & Hotz, J. (2001). A plant extract and its modified preparation in functional dyspepsia. Results of a double-blind placebo-controlled comparative study. Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie, 39(7), 511-517. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-16142

McIntyre, A. (2019). The complete herbal tutor. Aeon. 

McKay, D. L., & Blumberg, J. B. (2006). A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.). Phytotherapy Research, 20(7), 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1900 

Merfort, I., Heilmann, J,. Hagedorn-Leweke, U., Lippold, B. C., (1994), In vivo skin penetration studies of chamomile flavones. Pharmazie, 49(7), 509-11. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-959881  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8073060/ 

Mollabashi, E. N., Ziaie, T., Bekhradi, R., & Khalesi, Z. B. (2020). Do chamomile effect on duration, amount of bleeding, and interval of menstrual cycles? Journal of Pharmacopuncture, 23(1), 25-29. https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2020.23.004

Ross, S. M. (2003). An integrative approach to eczema (atopic dermatitis). Holistic Nursing Practice, 17(1), 56-62. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004650-200301000-00011

Saghafi, N., Rhkhshandeh, H., Pourmoghadam, N., Pourali, L., Ghazanfarpour, M., & Behrooznia, A. (2018). Effectiveness of Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile) extract on pain control of cyclic mastalgia: A double-blind randomised controlled trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 38(1), 81-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2017.1322045

Salehipoor, H., Afzali, B., Akrami, R., Ghorat, F., Niktabe, Z., & Sahebkar, M. (2019). Effect of topical chamomile oil (Matricaria chamomilla L.) as a supplementary method on colic symptoms in infants: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Neonatology, 10(1), 15-22. https://doi.org/10.22038/ijn.2019.32270.1448 

Shakeri, F., Rostamian, V., & Estakhr, J. (2012). Analgesic properties of methanolic extract of Matricaria recutita in rats in both acute and chronic pains. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 4(4), 152-155. https://maxwellsci.com/print/ajms/v4-152-155.pdf 

Srivastava, J. K., Shankar, E., & Gupta, S. (2010). Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with a bright future. Molecular Medicine Reports, 3(6), 895-901. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2010.377

Srivastava, J. K., Pandey, M., & Gupta, S. (2009). Chamomile, a novel and selective COX-2 inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity. Life Sciences, 85(19-20), 663-669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2009.09.007

Zargaran, A., Borhani-Haghighi, A., Salehi-Marzijarani, M., Faridi, P., Daneshamouz, S., Azadi, A., et al. (2018). Evaluation of the effect of topical chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) oleogel as pain relief in migraine without aura: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Neurological Sciences, 39(8), 1345-1353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-018-3415-1 

Zick, S. M., Wright, B. D., Sen, A., & Arnedt, J. T. (2011). Preliminary examination of the efficacy and safety of a standardized chamomile extract for chronic primary insomnia: A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 11, 78.