Rose (Rosa spp.)

Rose petals and hips have been traditionally used to reduce inflammation and alleviate pain. Scientific studies confirm that damask rose (Rosa damascena) exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects, making it beneficial for treating conditions like arthritis and sore muscles. A meta-analysis of rose hip powder found it effective in reducing osteoarthritic pain (Christensen et al., 2008).

Rose has been traditionally used to support digestive health, offering a gentle yet effective remedy for various gastrointestinal issues. The astringent and anti-inflammatory properties of rose petals and hips can help soothe the digestive tract, reducing symptoms like bloating, cramping, diarrhoea or hyperacidity (McIntyre, 2018). Studies have shown that Rosa damascena possesses significant antispasmodic activity, which can help alleviate stomach cramps and promote smoother digestion (Boskabady et al., 2011). Additionally, rose is known for its mild laxative effects, aiding in the relief of constipation by promoting regular bowel movements. A study on an extract of Rosa damascena demonstrated its efficacy in improving gastric motility, further supporting its role in enhancing digestive health and easing constipation (Sadraei, Asghari & Emami, 2013). The calming effect of rose on the nervous system also indirectly benefits digestion, as stress and anxiety can often exacerbate gastrointestinal discomfort (Hamdamian et al., 2018).

The high content of phenolic compounds in rose petals and hips, such as quercetin and kaempferol, contributes to their potent antioxidant activity. These compounds help neutralise free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative stress and supporting overall health (Achuthan et al., 2003). Rose hips, in particular, have been shown to have significant antioxidant potential, which may protect against chronic diseases (Wenzig et al., 2008).

Rose has long been valued in skincare for its astringent and soothing properties. The use of rose in topical preparations can help tighten and tone the skin, reduce redness, and promote a youthful complexion. A clinical trial demonstrated that rose hip powder improves skin moisture and reduces wrinkles, highlighting its role in anti-aging skincare (Phetcharat et al., 2015).

Rose is widely used to calm the nervous system and ease emotional distress. Its gentle sedative properties make it an excellent remedy for anxiety, stress, and insomnia. The relaxing effect of rose essential oil has been documented in studies showing its ability to reduce anxiety and promote a sense of well-being (Hamdamian et al., 2018). Roses are uplifting, restoring, and calming, and they can be useful to ease insomnia, irritability, as well as mental and physical fatigue (McIntyre, 2019). 

Roses, particularly in the form of rosehips, offer significant immune support through their rich content of vitamins C, A, B, and K, which collectively enhance the body's defence mechanisms (McIntyre, 2019). Rosehips are especially renowned for their high vitamin C levels, which boost the immune system by stimulating white blood cell production and improving overall immune response. Additionally, the antimicrobial properties of rose petals and rosehip extracts have been documented, contributing to their role in preventing infections (Yi et al., 2007; Oargă et al., 2024). The anti-inflammatory compounds found in roses, such as flavonoids and tannins, further support immune health by reducing inflammation and promoting recovery during illness (McIntyre, 2019).

In traditional herbal medicine, rose is often employed to support reproductive health. It is used to regulate menstrual cycles, alleviate menstrual pain and uterine congestion, and address hormonal imbalances (McIntyre, 2019). Rosa damascena extract has been shown to be as effective as conventional medication in relieving menstrual cramps, without the associated side effects (Bani et al., 2014).